Internal Combustion Engine

3D printing "Additive manufacturing"

A child has an artificial hand which have some parts manufactured with #3D_printing.

Archimedes rule

How to fix windows 8.1 store easily

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKwF2EYLt50

Can by inventor pro 2015

Spy penguin

A spy penguin! 
Because penguins are very ashamed animals, some scientists sent a spy penguin to watch their behavior close.

Steel making

Steel is an alloy of iron, containing up to 2% of carbon (usually up to 1%).

• Steel is produced from pig iron (liquid) by processes, involving reducing the amounts of  carbon, silicon and phosphorous.
• The main steel making methods are: 

1. Basic oxygen furnace (basic oxygen converter).

2.Electric-arc furnace.

                                               Basic oxygen furnace (basic oxygen converter).

Electric-arc furnace.

The European Space Agency created this video to explain how they prepared for the comet landing that happened today. This was a big day for space exploration.

How engine works

What are cams?

Cams convert rotary oscillating or linear motion into a linear or reciprocating action to carry out useful work.

Types of cams:

1. Plate cam
2. cylindrical cam
3. Face cam
4. End cam

Plate cam:

Sometimes called a disc, radial or edge cam. Made up of a flat plate or disc with an edge profile to transmit motion.

cylindrical cam:

Sometimes called a barrel cam. It’s curved surface has a groove machined, within which a follower is contained. The movement is parallel to cam axis.

Face cam:

In its flat surface, this rotary cam has a groove cut within which a constrained follower moves. The groove ensures no need for a return spring.

End cam:

In this case the end of the cylindrical cam has the profile machined on the end.

Helium (He2)

Strategies for Strengthening

One of the Strategies for Strengthening is Precipitation Strengthening

Application:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gu0EWKYzXpM&feature=youtu.be
CNC Machining a Chess khight

selection of manufacturing process:

1. manufacturing cost.
2. production volume and production rate.
3. characteristics and properties of workpiece material.
4. limitation on shape and size.
5. surface finish and tolerance requirements.
6. functional requirements of the product.

https://www.facebook.com/pages/Engineering/1429341324020783?ref=hl

Process engineering takes place directly after product engineering has completed the design of product.
It takes the information from product engineer and they create the plan for manufacture Processing is then the function of determining exactly how a product will be made.

process engineering:

A. To determine the manufacturing process to be used.

B. To determine the order of sequence of operation necessary to manufacture the part.

1. Operation routing or line up

2. Process pictures

C. To determine and order the tooling and gauges needed to manufacture the part

1. Orders to design

2. Orders to build

3. Orders to buy

D. To determine, select and order the equipment needed to manufacture the part.

E. To determine need for and originate orders for all process revisions necessary when part print changes occur.

F. To follow up the tooling and equipment to determine if all if all is functioning as planned and if not, make the necessary revisions.

G. To provide estimates of cost of tooling and equipment needed to manufacture new products

H. To determine part changes necessary to ease manufacture or reduce cost and request part print

changes

I. To take part in product study groups to assist the product engineer in the design of a product that

will be feasible and economical to make.

Process engineering is definitely a field requiring incentive and creativity as well as experience. Creating a new process may be as interesting as new product. So many new processes are developed and process

engineering has to be up to date Failure to use a better, low cost or safer process due to ignorance may result into drastic losses. The best process plan of this year may be obsolete next year.

The Process Engineering Function

Process: It is simply a method which products can be manufactured from raw materials. It could also be described as a method for shaping raw materials into usable product forms. In this course, the term process, applies to the shaping of metal, plastic or rubber in the raw material states. The course does not concern about those industries which produce food stuffs, textiles, chemicals or medicines. This course is also not intended for use in relation to the industry which makes raw materials.

General Manufacturing Processes:

•  Casting and Moulding
•  Machining or Cutting
•  Forming or Deforming
• Assembly                                                                                                                                              

In addition to the process for shaping raw materials, finishing operations are used to obtain the

final quality desired. These processes include: Cleaning, Painting, Buffing, Plating, Polishing,

Deburring, Heat treatment etc. Nearly all products manufactured require at least two or more of the five general processes. Therefore process engineering deals with all five general processes

Product Engineering:

The product to be manufactured is first conceived by the engineer. This engineer determines the need for

a product. It may be an entirely new product or new model of the old product. Experimental designs are

made ,and scale models are made and tested. Finally a production design is created after all faults have been

corrected. Part prints are drawn to illustrate the product graphically. All dimensions and specifications required are included on the print. The material to be used in the product is specified, and product name and number is included. Functions of a product engineering department can be itemized as follows:

A. Design Product for Function

1. Build model for testing

2. Provide part prints

   a. Physical dimensions

    b. Material

    c. Special process required such as painting plating, heat

treatment, testing etc.

3. Provide tool design and construction aids

a. Master layouts

b. Templates

c. Master models.

4. Provide specifications or standards manual

a. Material specification

b. Specification for testing and inspection

c. Procedures for testing and inspection

d. Specification for threads, gears, keys, splines etc.

e. Procedures and specifications for joining process

B. Design the Product for Customer

Satisfaction

1. Sales appeal

a. Appearance

b. Improvements

c. Design to meet the needs of the customer

2. Durability and life expectancy

C. Design the Product for Cost

1. Cost should be low enough to compete in market

2. Cost should be high enough to provide profit

3. Cost should be in correct relationship with

durability and life expectancy

D. Design the Product for ease of Maintenance

and Assembly

1. Ease of repair

2. Ease of assembly and disassembly

3. Provide drawing for maintenance and assembly

The product engineer must transmit the Information to the process engineer so that work May continue. Paper work passing from product to Process engineer includes

A. Paper prints

B. Engineering releases

i. Production rate per year

ii. Sub-assembly and assembly numbers

iii. Release date-date on which processing, tooling and all

planning may start.

iv. Part name, number and material.

C. Change in part prints when revision are made

D. Change in engineering releases

Production Engineering

Production Engineering is a combination of manufacturing technology with management science. A production engineer typically has a wide knowledge of engineering practices and is aware of the management challenges related to production. The goal is to accomplish the production process in the smoothest, most-judicious and most-economic way.

The core of Production Engineering consist of many materilas like:1-Material science
2-casting
3-machining processes
4-Advanced machining
5-Advance machining technology
6-Metrology system
7-Economy
8-Operation Research (OR)
9-Mangment Information System (MIS)
10-Knowledge engineering